Description
For researchers seeking a high-purity, laboratory-grade barbiturate for controlled studies, Uschems is proud to offer Pentobarbital Sodium, widely known as Nembutal. This authentic research chemical is available for scientific applications, providing a reliable compound for various experimental protocols. Scientists can confidently Buy Nembutal For Sale from our carefully curated selection, ensuring top-tier quality for their critical work. Uschems is dedicated to supplying researchers with the compounds they need, meticulously tested for purity and consistency.
What is Nembutal (Pentobarbital Sodium)?
Pentobarbital, also recognized as pentobarbitone, is a well-established short-acting barbiturate. Its chemical designation is sodium 5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl) barbiturate. This compound is part of a family of sodium salts of barbiturates, including amobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital, which are available as sterile parenteral solutions. Nembutal Sodium solution (pentobarbital sodium injection) is specifically a sterile solution formulated for intravenous or intramuscular research applications.
The Chemistry and Formulation of Pentobarbital Sodium
Each milliliter of our Pentobarbital Sodium injection solution contains 50 mg of pentobarbital sodium. This active compound is suspended in a precisely formulated vehicle comprising 40% propylene glycol, 10% alcohol, and water for injection, adjusted to volume. The pH of the solution is carefully maintained at approximately 9.5, achieved through the addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide.
As a raw material, Nembutal sodium salt presents as a white, slightly bitter powder. It exhibits free solubility in water and alcohol, while being practically insoluble in benzene and ether. This solubility profile is crucial for its preparation into various research formulations.
Mechanism of Action for Research
Pentobarbital sodium engages with a distinct binding site associated with a Cl- ionophore at the GABAA receptor. This interaction effectively increases the duration for which the Cl- ionophore remains open, consequently prolonging the post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus. These effects are correlated with notable reductions in GABA-sensitive neuronal calcium conductance (GCA), leading to a potentiation of inhibitory GABAergic tone.
Beyond its GABAergic modulation, Pentobarbital also acts through powerful and direct inhibition of excitatory AMPA-type glutamate receptors. This results in a profound suppression of glutamatergic neurotransmission, offering researchers a comprehensive tool for studying neurological pathways and depressant effects.
Metabolic Profile
Pentobarbital sodium undergoes primary metabolism via the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Its metabolic products are primarily excreted in the urine, with a lesser extent of excretion occurring in the feces. For comparative research, it is notable that approximately 25% to 50% of a dose of aprobarbital or phenobarbital is eliminated unchanged in the urine, a significantly higher proportion than many other barbiturates, where unchanged urinary excretion is negligible.
Applications of Pentobarbital Sodium in Research
Pentobarbital Sodium serves as a valuable compound in diverse research fields. Its properties allow for investigations into:
- Studies on procedural sedation models in laboratory settings.
- Research involving pre-anesthetic compounds and their effects.
- Investigations into sleep-wake cycle regulation and related neurological processes.
- Pharmacological studies on compounds influencing central nervous system depression.
- Toxicological evaluations and pharmacokinetic profiling of barbiturates.
- Historical studies on anesthetic agents and their physiological impact.
Historical Context and Chemical Classification of Barbiturates
The history of barbiturates dates back to Germany in 1864, when Ludwig von Baeyer, a pivotal figure in the founding of Bayer company, synthesized barbituric acid from urea and malonic acid. This foundational compound was later transformed into the more active barbiturate compound known today by Josef von Mering and Emil Fischer. The term ‘barbituric’ is historically linked to either Saint Barbara or an affectionate reference to a woman named Barbara.
Barbital, the first sedative barbiturate, was described by Fischer and von Mering in 1903, and subsequently patented by Fischer. Nembutal itself was discovered in 1930 and has been a subject of extensive research since. Historically, pentobarbital sodium was associated with recreational abuse, often referred to as “yellow jackets” due to the color of its capsule form.
Barbiturates are a class of substituted pyrimidine derivatives. The fundamental structure common to these compounds is barbituric acid, which itself lacks central nervous system activity. CNS activity is achieved through the substitution of alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl groups onto the pyrimidine ring. These compounds are generally recognized as nonselective central nervous system depressants. In research contexts, they are studied for their sedative-hypnotic properties and as anticonvulsants at sub-hypnotic concentrations. It is important for researchers to note that barbiturates and their sodium salts are subject to control under the Federal Controlled Substances Act.
Furthermore, early research also explored phenobarbital sodium as a prophylactic treatment for febrile seizures over 25 years. While effective in preventing recurrent seizures, studies indicated it had no positive effect on patient outcomes or the risk of developing epilepsy. For researchers interested in comparative compounds, Uschems also offers 1P LSD Blotters and Ivermectin Research Chemical.
It is important to note that Pentobarbital in pill form is no longer available. Abbott Pharmaceuticals’ brand of pentobarbital, Nembutal, available in 50 and 100 mg yellow capsules, was discontinued in 1999. In a significant commercial development, Lundbeck, a prominent manufacturer of Pentobarbital sodium, has adopted a policy preventing its sale to prisons or corrections departments for capital punishment. This highlights the evolving ethical and commercial landscape surrounding such research chemicals.
Quality and Trust: Authentic Nembutal for Sale
When you choose Uschems, you are selecting a partner committed to scientific integrity. We provide only the Best Nembutal Available, rigorously tested to ensure high purity and consistency for your most demanding research applications. Our dedication to quality means you receive a product that meets stringent laboratory standards, free from impurities that could compromise your experimental results. We understand the critical nature of your work, and our supply chain is designed to ensure the authenticity and potency of every compound.
Product Specifications:
| Component | Quantity / Property |
|---|---|
| Pentobarbital Sodium | 50 mg/mL |
| Propylene Glycol | 40% |
| Alcohol | 10% |
| Vehicle | Water for injection, to volume |
| pH | Approximately 9.5 |
| Form | Sterile Solution |
Research Applications and Considerations
For researchers utilizing Pentobarbital, understanding its physiological effects is paramount. Studies indicate that Pentobarbital induces dose-related respiratory depression and cardiovascular depression. These characteristics make it a valuable tool for investigations into the mechanisms of respiratory and cardiac function under various conditions, particularly in models requiring controlled depressive states. Detailed research into these effects can contribute significantly to pharmacology and toxicology.
Furthermore, for studies focused on pharmacological safety or overdose effects, it’s important to be aware of the documented symptoms associated with high concentrations of Pentobarbital sodium. These typically include sluggishness, incoordination, difficulties in cognitive function, slowed speech, impaired judgment, profound drowsiness or coma, shallow breathing, and staggering. In severe instances, this can progress to coma and fatality. Such data is critical for researchers investigating dose-response relationships and compound safety profiles.
Important Product Information for Researchers
To maintain the integrity and stability of your Pentobarbital Sodium solution, proper storage is essential. The product should be stored at room temperature, away from both moisture and heat sources. Freezing is strictly advised against. Prior to use in any research application, visually inspect the solution. Do not use Pentobarbital if it shows any signs of discoloration or contains particulate matter. Such changes may indicate degradation or contamination, potentially affecting the reliability of your experimental results.
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